What, then, may we say is feminist literature? Surely every piece of literature written by a woman must be feminist in some way--or is it? For a long time, the writings of a woman were colored by her gender, many men (and women) assuming that if the author is a woman, the writing could also be classified as feminist itself. However, literary feminism is still a hotly debated topic in terms of its connections to both a social movement and the general trend of literature too. For first-wave and second-wave feminists, indeed, being a woman in the literary scene must have constituted in itself a feminist action, as women writers were rare and not taken as seriously as their male counterparts. However, third-wave feminism, as the most recent phenomenon, is more vague and escapes a clear-cut definition. What is the focus of third-wave feminism? Does it place more emphasis on the position of women in society? The treatment of women in modern times? Or simply womanhood itself?
Prue and My Heart Is Broken are two literary pieces written by women, one by Alice Munroe and the other by Mavis Gallant. Both feature women as their protagonists; both stories are centered around the lives, both general and immediate, of the women. Neither story revolves explicitly around social justice or a strongly advocated movement, but instead shows us a day in the lives of Prue and Jeannie, thus revealing their ties to society and their roles therein.
Prue is a jovial woman that does not have a very serious outlook on life--to her, things like love or sex are simply enjoyable "commodities" and shouldn't interfere with the rest of life. Her liaison with Gordon is casual, yet Gordon himself is thinking of marrying Prue. The only problem is that he is in love with another woman, who rudely makes her appearance at his house while he and Prue are having dinner together. Prue does not seem shaken by this at all, merely remarking that it is a wise thing to do, "getting over love". At the very end of the story, however, Prue takes one of Gordon's cufflinks and places it in a small tobacco tin that her children had given her. Her children have long grown up, and so has she--Prue, unlike Gordon's younger lover, seems more placid and emotionally stable. By the description the author uses to describe her cryptic action, it is not sentimental and not ritualistic; it seems almost automatic, judging by the number of other objects she seems to have taken from him over time. From what I can conjecture, Gordon does not love Prue (as is evidently shown by his love for another woman) but only wants to marry her for her stability, seeing her as a sort of means to his end. By taking a number of not insignificant objects from Gordon, which may quite likely hold some sentimental value for him, considering their decorative yet impractical nature, Prue is in a sense retaliating--not at all with malice or spite, but as an almost natural consequence of their tit-for-tat relationship. One often speaks of marrying for a cause other than love, which may be practical in the long term but ends up starving the spirit in need of affection (which Prue does not seem to have in any form--her children are grown up and live away from her, leaving her only a small tobacco tin as a memory). And it is true that while both men and women in the past have pursued purely practical marriages, one more often hears of men marrying a woman for her dowry, or for money, and generally using a wife for his own needs than for hers. After all, the "traditional" image of womanhood is one of sentimentality and "girlish tears"--someone who marries for love and becomes heartbroken when the opposite occurs. Prue turns this image on its head with her calm demeanor and repression of emotion.
Jeannie, on the other hand, is a picture of youth: her peroxide-bleached hair, her coral nails, and long slender legs clad in shorts seem perfectly innocent, at first. Her older friend, Mrs. Thompson, compares her to Jean Harlow, a famous sex symbol. Mrs. Thompson is Jeannie's "best friend", and is a "nice, plain, fat, consoling sort of person"--the very last person that you'd expect to be the "villain" in this narrative. Only when we learn that Jeannie was raped (and quite recently, too), that we begin to see her real blooming hostility toward Jeannie, included in remarks blaming her for her own rape and refusing to even hear who the rapist was. Jeannie's sole "crime", if any, was taking a walk outside in her dress and hat, and yet she must endure the remarks of the professed "best friend" telling her that she was "asking for it" and that "some women don't know how happy they are". Although Mrs. Thompson is herself a woman, she speaks for the oppressive patriarchal values--even though she seems to comprehend how terrible rape must feel for the woman, she still believes that "some girls ask for it" and that Jeannie should have just stayed home and cleaned the house like a good wife should. This further brings into perspective the ridiculousness of the very first scene: Mrs. Thompson's shock at Jean Harlow's death is nothing but mawkishness, something incomparable to the mental scars left behind by rape, yet we now know that those words were offered as a meager consolation to Jeannie after her recent ordeal. Jeannie, in turn, responds with short sentences and barely enough interest in Mrs. Thompson's words--her way of coping with her frustration at her misunderstanding. Societal conventions, echoed by the older woman's voice, muffle her own. At the end, she breaks a little, though not completely, murmuring about how the incident "broke [her] heart", an understatement to be sure. "She has to cry," thinks Mrs. Thompson, but we never learn if she does.
Prue and Jeannie both seem to detach themselves from what is usually perceived as "weak" or "feminine" emotions, furthering the enigmatic nature of their characters but also shedding light on how each story focuses on its celebration of femininity and its role in modern society. I saw both Prue and Jeannie as women who have suffered--to differing degrees, perhaps, but both have undergone painful changes in their lives. Prue's divorce with her husband, her raising of the children alone and her cohabitation with Gordon all are rather frowned upon, even in modern times, for a woman her age; Jeannie's status as a rape victim does nothing to improve society's image of her, instead reinforcing that she deserved it, in a way, and should know her place if she doesn't want it to happen again.
Both short stories bring us into the shoes of the women, and their relationship with men/their male-oriented environment.
This brings us back to the question in the beginning: how to define third-wave feminist literature, if these stories are to be seen as examples? It is without question that third-wave feminism is highly influenced by the first and second waves--the better treatment of women in fiction, the portrayal of female characters as someone more than simple plot devices but as developed and complex beings, as well as the politics of women in the literary scene, are all clearly seen in these stories. There is, however, an added dimension of deconstruction of traditional norms, of gender roles, of stereotypes. Prue is by no means your average 40-year-old housewife, and Jeannie is made to suffer an unfair society that must be reconstructed to embrace ones such as herself. Although both stories are quite different, I felt that, as a woman myself, but also as a social activist and feminist, they are at the same time a celebration of womanhood in all its diversity and a silent upheaval of social conventions that even now confine women into more archaic gender politics.
Would I have felt the same feminism in these stories had they been written by men? Now that is a question that merits further study. Considering male-written works with complex female characters, like Madame Bovary by Flaubert, or the male voices who are advocates of gender equality today, I do believe that yes, both stories are powerful vessels of feminism that are rendered poignant by female authors, but no less effective had they been authored by men. And that is truly the test of feminist literature, in my opinion. A female writer alone does not feminist prose make. Instead, the ideas in her prose must stand alone with a distinct color of its own, making its impact more evident and opening up newer paths.